Naples is chucking muck in Germany’s backyard

by Jamie Rhein on

There’s a song I remember from Girl Scouts that had this refrain: “Don’t chuck your muck in my backyard, my backyard’s full.” The song came to mind when I saw the photo of Naples, Italy’s garbage and read how Naples has no where to put its trash so it’s sending it to Germany.

After the song played for a second or two in my head I thought, “Gee, Naples is probably not be the best place to go for a vacation in the summer months.”

There is an increasing garbage problem in much of Europe, according to the New York Times article, but Naples is the pits. Consider what a 56-car train filled with garbage will look and smell like. That’s what’s heading to Germany so the Germans can take care of it. Because Germans have trash recycling and reduction down to a fine art, their services are being called upon.

Maybe Naples needs to have some sort of pack it out policy for travelers. As you leave town you have to prove that you are leaving with what you brought in. Perhaps Naples could even entice guests to take extra trash out with them when they go. If you do go to Naples, please don’t litter. People have enough troubles wading through the streets as it is.

Infectious disease spread on airplanes

by Erik McLaughlin on

A recent post of mine seemed to briefly address the issue of the spread of infectious disease during air travel, without giving too much “meat” behind it. I thought there might be some interest in this subject and I would like to refer to an outstanding article, from the Lancet 2005; 365: 989-96, written by Mangili and Gendreau.

Clearly, the number of people who travel via air, is a staggering number with annual estimates well over 1,000,000,000 worldwide and over 600,000,000 in America, alone. Air travel is exciting and can be the most enjoyable part of the trip for some, but it also places one at risk for infectious disease.

The Cabin Environment

The spread of infection in commercial aircraft cabins is subject to several factors. The environment of the the cabin itself is perhaps the most important. The cabin, offering a pressurized environment and low humidity, requires that passengers and crew are in close proximity of each other. When parked, the fresh air is supplied via an auxilary power unit but during flight, fresh air is sent into the cabin from the engines where it is has been heated and compressed; outside air at typical cruising altitude is presumed to be sterile. Air enters the cabin from overhead, circulating downward and exiting from the floor. This is designed to help limit the spread of airborne particulate through the cabin.

Most commercial airliners use 50% re-circulated air for improved fuel performance and humidity control. This re-circulated air is filtered with a HEPA (high efficiency particulate air filter) system. Several studies have shown that standard cabin air is exchanged 15-20 times per hour compared to 12 per hour in a typical office. A survey demonstrated that most airlines use HEPA filters, although it is not a federal requirement.


How Disease is Spread

Before we look at specific diseases, transmission of disease should be understood. Mangili and Gendreau offer 4 “modes of disease transmission”: Contact, Aerosolized, Common Vechicle (food and water) and Vector. “Contact” is just what you’d think, direct contact with a person or their body fluids. This also includes direct contact with a contaminated intermediate host, like a fomite. Large droplets (>5 microns) also fall into this category and can be transmitted when a person coughs, talks and/or sneezes. These particles travel a short distance (less than 1 meter) and land on a mucous membrane like the eyes or nasal passages or fall quickly to land on a lower surface. Aerosolized droplets are considered <5 microns and can disperse widely, remaining suspended in the air for indefinite periods of time. Contact and Aerosolized are key transmission routes for airborne illnesses, such as TB, SARS and Influenza. Remember to stay hydrated, which will help keep those mucous membranes (nasal passages, lips and eyes) moist and not dried or cracked.

Disease Specifics

Tuberculosis is a major global health concern and subject of recent media attention related to travel. An excellent reference for learning about this can be found in the World Health Organization publication called: Tuberculosis and Air Travel: Guidelines for Prevention and Control. TB has offered the most information and is perhaps the most studied of all infectious disease on aircraft. Two of the seven studies, cited by Mangili et. al, demonstrated a probable link with onboard transmission. One specific study found the index (first) case to be a flight attendant and of the almost 300 exposures on the flights, there were only two documented skin test reactions. A second case study involved a passenger infected with TB who flew from Baltimore though Chicago to Hawaii. Four of fifteen passengers, all seated within 2 rows of the index case subsequently had positive TB skin tests. While the transmission of TB on an airliner is obvious, it is of interest that there has never been an active case of clinical tuberculosis acquired from air travel.

The association of influenza and airline travel extends far beyond the infection of passengers. Airlines are a major contributor towards the rapid migration of infected people throughout the world. Influenza can spread, with the assistance of commercial airline travel, around the globe in a few hours. One particular study of interest, was the case of Influenza A/Texas Strain outbreak on a commercial airliner in 1979. The authors of the paper found that 72% of the passengers were infected with influenza within 72 hours of flight. They went on to state that the most likely reason for this high attack rate was the 3 hour ground delay with a non-functioning ventilation system, during repair work. The passengers were kept on the plane the entire time.

SARS (sudden acute respiratory syndrome) has also contributed to the study of inflight disease transmission. This atypical pneumonia-like illness is caused by a virus. There are obvious connections with the spread of SARS and in-flight infections. The case of interest, featuring SARS spread within aircraft, is of a flight from Hong Kong to Bejing. This flight was only a 3 hour duration and there were passengers infected as far away as 5 rows infront and 7 rows behind the index case. Luckily, there have been no reported cases of SARS on-board transmission, since March 2003. This is largely due to the WHO guidelines on SARS containment aboard aircraft.

Meningitis and Measles also deserve to be mentioned. Measles caused a recent scare aboard a flight from San Diego to Hawaii and there were 21 suspected cases of air travel associated meningococcal disease from 1999-2001.

Let’s not forget the food-borne illnesses, such as those spread by the “fecal-oral” route. A very well-written article titled Hygienic Quality of Food Served on Aircraft presents a wealth of information on the topic. For example, a total of 41 food-borne outbreaks aboard aircraft were documented from 1941 to 1999. These outbreaks infected almost 4000 people and caused 7 deaths. There have even been several cases of Cholera transmission in-flight. Most cases involve cold food dishes served in-flight and prepared by local suppliers. Thankfully, the last 5 years have seen a decrease in food-related illnesses, likely due to more common use of frozen and pre-packaged meals.

Practical Help

The authors of “Transmission of infectious diseases during commercial air travel” have noted several factors that place one at risk for airline acquired infectious disease. First, as with real-estate, location is key. Sitting within 2 rows of an infected person for a duration of 8 hours is the key. Second, ventilation of the cabin has an obvious role. One air exchange of the cabin removes 63% of the airborne organisms. Remember there are normally 15-20 air exchanges per hour in a commercial aircraft, versus an office with 12. One investigation involving TB modeled that doubling the ventilation rate within the cabin decreased infection risk by half. Lastly, handwashing works.

Limits

As more specialties begin to collaborate, new methods of data gathering are becoming available. There is a lack of sufficient data at present for a meta-analysis (study method to infer disease risk) because many studies are limited by incomplete passenger manifests. In fact, one study found that contact information for passengers with a tuberculosis exposure was inaccurate 15% of the time, when health officials were attempting follow-up.

While this is in no means a comprehensive review, it has hopefully given a good survey of infectious control in commercial airlines and suggestions of further reading. As with anything, there is no subsititute for common sense and you should always consult with your personal health care provider for further details and individual needs.

Five tips for visiting developing countries

by Aaron Hotfelder on

The brilliant economist Tyler Cowen, who was recently interviewed by Gadling, and Chris Blattman, a blogger and global development researcher, recently offered some bits of advice for anyone planning to visit a developing country. Here, in no particular order, are five of their best tips:

1. Eat the street food. Though some travelers worry that street vendors don’t maintain the health standards of your typical restaurant (whatever those are), street food is usually some of the freshest and cleanest around. Just use common sense and eat where the locals eat.

2. Ask people about the best local restaurants, writes Blattman. “In many places, the most authentic restaurant meal is lunch, mainly for workers. People will eat at home for dinner, where the best food is always found. If someone invites you home for dinner, go! ”

3. Do not get drunk or patronize prostitutes. Engaging in either is asking for trouble, especially if you’re unfamiliar with your surroundings. Tyler says, “If you want to do it, save it for a more familiar environment.” Note that drinking with locals is often a great way to learn about them and their country. But there’s a fine line…

4. Dress like everyone else, even if you still stick out. Blattman’s advice: “If locals wear long pants/skirts, tuck in their shirts, and spurn sneakers, then think about doing the same (especially if you’re working).” I’m looking at you, Andrew Zimmern!

5. Be careful with your health, but don’t get carried away. Get the required shots well before you go and ask your doctor what you need to watch out for, but don’t be intimidated by all the death and disease that supposedly lurks behind every corner of your destination. Listening to the nurse describe the various dangers involved in visiting Ecuador, the novelist Benjamin Kunkel once wrote, she “made it seem amazing that anyone who went there didn’t pitch off a cliff in a bus while reeling from dengue fever and nibbling at some piece of hepatitis-soaked fruit as a scorpion crawled up his shorts.”

Check out more tips for development researchers from Chris Blattman and some general travel tips from Tyler Cowen.

GADLING TAKE 5: Week of May 10-16

by Jamie Rhein on

If you’re interested in finding out about good or bad health habit travel, turning into Gadling this week would have been a good place to start.

Hookah bars in Paris fight smoking ban

by Iva Skoch on

I was surprised Parisians have accepted the new smoking ban as willingly as they have.

There is, however, one resistance movement: Hookah bars. Some of them have continued to break the law by continuing to offer customers tobacco in water pipes, IHT reports.

Hookah or shisha bars, which began springing up in France more than a decade ago, became increasingly popular across Europe, both among immigrants from Islamic countries and among the hip student crowd. France had 800 hookah bars before the smoking ban, half of them in Paris or its suburbs, but perhaps one-third have closed since the ban took effect.

So far, Sarkozy’s government shows no inclination to negotiate since declaring in December that there would be no exceptions to the smoking ban. Apparently, “it’s a matter of public health.”

That seems harsh. These are, after all, as close to private smoking clubs as you can get.